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Questions of deepest, most profound interest to humans, "through the wormhole"

BelgarathMTHBelgarathMTH Member Posts: 5,653
edited July 2013 in Off-Topic
Hi, this thread is for the most serious of serious discussion, which will be fun for people like me who actually have fun with serious, profound discussion.

Ask your "ultimate profound question" here, and have it discussed by people who care about such things.

I would appreciate it if people who enjoy derailing seriousness by making banal, eye roll inducing jokes, just move along. That said, humor that actually makes good, insightful points is welcome here.

I will start the thread with two topics that just came to my mind through playing NWN2, and a second one that came out of it for some strange reason as a "non sequitur." I'm not sure why, but, here are the first topics for discussion, for which I am very interested in answers from this community, since you guys are the smartest and wisest people with whom I have ever had the pleasure of associating on the internet:

1) Humans, food, fire, and cooking.

Human beings cannot naturally ingest raw meat of any kind. If you kill an animal, tear into its guts and bones, and start trying to eat what you find there, you are going to get a horrible experience; for example, nausea that includes projectile vomiting, and quite horrific bacterial infections that don't hurt natural carnivores, but are deadly to humans, and gag-inducing hair, bone, and other awfulness. This has been true since there have been homo sapiens in existence. It has also been true ever since there were homo sapiens, that the species body must have a source of either animal or plant protein to survive.

It is also a scientifically accepted truth, that, in survive or die mode, humans can choke down animal protein in the form of dug out insect grubs , raw adult insects and arachnids (spiders for dinner, anyone?), or sucked-out bone marrow from recently killed animals.

At some point along the evolutionary trail of prehistory, humans (either Neanderthals, or homo sapiens, or a pre-homo sapiens species,) discovered controlled fire, for use as light, and a weapon. And then, God created cooking, and it was good.

Somehow, these prehistoric hominids discovered the technology that fire applied to inedible animal protein (i.e. MEAT), would break down the indigestible, precious protein into, not only edible and digestible, but absolutely delicious form. And then, these prehistoric hominids even discovered spices in their environments, which made the heavenly meat taste even more heavenly!

Now, evolution, unassisted by either human ingenuity or a divine power, had left homo sapiens with thin, weak nails that were meant to be grown out as digging tools, and dull, flat teeth that were good for nothing but stripping and then grinding vegetation, insects, arachnids, or bone marrow. And lo and behold, the gift of fire was so powerful, that the early prehistoric homo sapiens developed an entire culture centered on hunting, and gathering. (Fruits and berries had always been human treasure, but sadly lacking in the ultimate treasure, protein. Except for nuts, which were the platinum find of the prehistoric human. "Take all the gold and other useless metal you want, just give me the nuts!") In fact, the need to crack nuts was probably the main evolutionary incentive to invent tools!

So, am I right about how human omnivorism came to be, especially for its carnivoristic component?

I'd very much like to read other BG:EE forumites' opinions about my question one.

(2) Abiogenesis

Thank you if you are such a serious philosopher that you have borne with me through my first wall of text question.

Here's my second initial topic for discussion:

Abiogenesis. I am constantly hearing and seeing this field brought up by fundie creationists as an argument against evolutionary theory. Of course, they pretty much always go on to show that they have no understanding whatsoever of evolutionary theory. Their first fallacious, and just plain untrue statement, is that the Theory of Evolution expects transitional fossils, and that, in their weird delusional world, NO transitional fossils have ever been found. This always makes me widen my eyes, shake my head, and go "Oh my God." There have been SO many transitional fossils found, but if you present them with one, such as Archaeopteryx, (had to look up the spelling on that one), they will just tell you it's a fraud.

Never mind the other hundreds of saurian fossils found that have feathers, apparently for the purpose of sexual attraction. (The human "hairy male" comes to mind, pre 1990's "eww, shave it all off" change in human female preference.)

Who knew that "hairy males" in the reptile world, would eventually lead to birds, and the power of flight?

The second objection to evolutionary theory, abiogenesis, is a bit more compelling. How can life at the single-celled level ever emerge from inert, non-living, organic chemical compounds? There are three things that I have never seen a creationist demonstrate awareness of.

a) Darwin's Theory of Evolution has no interest in abiogenesis, never even addresses it nor mentions it, and simply considers the first "egg" of the "chicken" to be an axiom of the system. You get just ONE self-reproducing biological single cell of any kind, in any way, and the whole Theory of Evolution is just fine from there, thank you. Darwin wanted to keep his faith in the Christian God in the face of his observations of Nature, and the Theory that he was forced to conclude from them, so he probably would have accepted "God" as the answer to the "Chicken or the Egg" conundrum.

However, if you have your whole faith in the Christian God down to "you cannot get life from chemicals without an intelligence", then you are on shaky ground indeed, as far as the rest of your religion. It is an overwhelming number of logical leaps to get from "There must have been an Intelligence that started Life from inert chemical compounds" to "The Christian Bible and Christianity are therefore absolute Truth."

b) "Intelligent Design" people, who are very good at lying and deceiving others about the fact that they are actually conservative Christians who wish to throw Darwin into Hell, and then to make the whole world embrace Christianity, love to try to use probability theory, combined with all the mathematics of getting from inert chemical compounds, to single-celled organisms, to animals and plants, to human beings, into a ridiculously (to them) faith-based hypothesis. Then, they go straight from there, to , "You see, the Christian God of the Christian Bible exists, and you should follow our religion if you have any sense."

What they show to me with these probability-based arguments is that they are unable to even imagine what "Four Billion Years" means. With a time span of that magnitude, anything and everything possible according the laws of physics, and, even more importantly, natural selection, is bound to come to pass.

c) I have never seen a fundie or an ID person show any awareness of the fact that "abiogenesis" is a real and thriving field. Try googling "abiogenesis". This field is the subdiscipline of biology that seeks to replicate the conditions on primeval Earth, and to generate ever more complex structures using those parameters. While they have not yet replicated a living single cell in the laboratory, they have created complex protein chains by injecting electrical current into their best guess of "primordial soup", containing nothing more complex than simple amino acids. It's really fascinating.

Seriously, if you're into this sort of thing, you should google "abiogenesis".

Okay, this ends my wall of text. I am very interested in any responses from anyone who is seriously interested in these kinds of "Through the Wormhole" questions, and in other similar "questions", as well as responses to the first two I've posted here.
Post edited by BelgarathMTH on

Comments

  • Kitteh_On_A_CloudKitteh_On_A_Cloud Member Posts: 1,629
    Hmm, this topic seems interesting indeed. As for your first topic on human omnivorism, I can only agree and say you're right. At some point, humankind must indeed have discovered that fire isn't only dangerous, but that it can be useful as well, by lighting up the dark nights and thus keeping dangerous animals away, and by providing a new method of preparing food. I always believed that there was a tree hit by lightning during a storm, and that humankind, initially afraid, started experimenting with it. As for spices and herbs, that must have been a trial-and-error process, as some herbs must have obviously been toxic and even deadly. Yet, by exploring nature, humankind gathered its own share of knowledge, by putting and widening their boundaries. Humans and their intellectual capacity indeed are fascinating.
    As foe your second topic, I can't really discuss it, as I've always put a sharp boundary between religion and science. Being on the edge of atheism myself, I am prone to believe more in science than in religion, as facts hold more truth than assumptions, which can be interpreted in many more different ways.
  • TJ_HookerTJ_Hooker Member Posts: 2,438
    edited July 2013
    Regarding number 1, I'm pretty sure humans are capable of digesting raw meat. Many people do get sick if they do, but I think that a large part of that is simply because their bodies aren't used to it. There are things like steak tartare and sushi that contain raw meat and people don't seem to have any problems eating them. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_meat#Consumption_of_Raw_Meat
    Post edited by TJ_Hooker on
  • CoutelierCoutelier Member Posts: 1,282
    Obviously we don't yet know how life started. Unlike religion, science doesn't claim to have all the answers. If we had all the answers then there wouldn't be any more science; we'd know everything so wouldn't have to experiment anymore. Religions often do claim to have all the answers, but then get into trouble then when the evidence start to go against them.

    So we don't know, but it is interesting that the things we're made of - hydrogen, oxygen and carbon - are the most common elements in the universe.

    And when it comes to probability, the universe is very old and very huge. Think of a lottery; the odds of me buying a ticket and winning are probably about fourteen million to one. But, so long as the lottery organizers sell millions of tickets, the odds of someone winning are actually really good.

  • BelgarathMTHBelgarathMTH Member Posts: 5,653
    TJ_Hooker said:

    Regards to number 1, I'm pretty sure humans are capable of digesting raw meat. Many people do get sick if they do, but I think that a large part of that is simply because their bodies aren't used to it. There are things like steak tartare and sushi that contain raw meat and people don't seem to have any problems eating them. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_meat#Consumption_of_Raw_Meat

    @TJHooker, the problem with the source you quote, is that at least two of the "meats" it promotes are "sushi" and "shellfish". (Most shellfish fall under "arachnids".) The one raw beef it promotes as edible by humans is a heavily "prepared" grinding together of cow flesh.

    None of these examples speaks to my original question. I already put forth as an axiom that primitive humans could consume arachnids (spiders, shrimp) as raw protein. I didn't mention raw fish. That would indeed be a possible source of animal protein for early hominids, BUT, it would presume access to a large body of water, which was not so for many, many areas of early hominid development.

    As far as present day human beings being able to consume certain forms of raw cow flesh, I would counter with this: such cow flesh consumption requires a high level of technological ability to manipulate and change what is found in the raw cow carcass. And, the first "cows" available for such experimentation in food were "wildebeasts" or "buffalo", which were enormously powerful mammals requiring great sophistication in weapon-making and hunting technique to be taken down by such a physically impoverished animal as a human, without previous experience and natural selection to see "cattle" as food. This could not happen unless the pre-humans in question had already mastered the eating of meat for their animal protein.

    Which begs the question, as I asked at the beginning of the topic. How did humans come to see mammal meat as food?

    I still can't see any reason under God's green earth why naturally existing homo sapiens would see other mammals as food, unless they had already developed fire, cooked raw meat from a mammal killed by a more well-adapted and powerful predator, and then had an "aha!" moment of revelation. That "aha!" moment would mean that such primitive humans had already learned about cooked meat, and it would have had to have been accidental on the first time - maybe they dropped part of an animal carcass that had been killed and dragged into their camp by "man's best friend", the wolf, into their fire that was being used for heat and light, and then, they pulled it out, and it smelled oh SO good, and they took a bite, and then, humans became wolfish carnivores forever after that?
  • CoutelierCoutelier Member Posts: 1,282

    Which begs the question, as I asked at the beginning of the topic. How did humans come to see mammal meat as food?

    I still can't see any reason under God's green earth why naturally existing homo sapiens would see other mammals as food, unless they had already developed fire, cooked raw meat from a mammal killed by a more well-adapted and powerful predator, and then had an "aha!" moment of revelation. That "aha!" moment would mean that such primitive humans had already learned about cooked meat, and it would have had to have been accidental on the first time - maybe they dropped part of an animal carcass that had been killed and dragged into their camp by "man's best friend", the wolf, into their fire that was being used for heat and light, and then, they pulled it out, and it smelled oh SO good, and they took a bite, and then, humans became wolfish carnivores forever after that?

    Although it used to be thought that most apes were natural vegetarians, we now know that most primates are omnivores. As well as insects and larva, chimpanzees for example do sometimes kill and eat smaller animals. I think it's likely primates became omnivorous very early in their evolution, long before homo sapiens. Although diets in nature are rarely as strict as people think; lots of herbivores consume insects, and lots of carnivores will sometimes eat fruit, for example.

    Bone marrow is also a really good source of protein, and it's a part of an animal most other predators can't get at. So maybe that played a part as well...

  • BelgarathMTHBelgarathMTH Member Posts: 5,653
    @Coutelier, absolutely! But, your interjection makes me think of teeth. Teeth are oh-so-important clues to all of biological evolution. Chimpanzees have much sharper incisors than ours. So, I am led to wonder, why did human beings evolve such dull incisors? Our incisors are very good for stripping corn off of cobs, and leaves off of branches, and even of meat scraps off of bones, and our dull incisors are much better at those eating activities than the sharper incisors of chimpanzees would be.

    So, why? Obviously chimpanzees, our closest relatives, are much better evolved through natural selection to catch, and especially to kill, other mammals through biting them, in order to eat their meat, than are we humans.

    Our incisors are clearly evolved to strip either vegetation or meat from a vegetable core or a bone, but are woefully inadequate to kill anything. Why were our teeth naturally selected for?
  • CoutelierCoutelier Member Posts: 1,282
    I believe it's generally thought that Homo Erectus was the first of our ancestors to harness fire, although we'll probably never know when that happened. I've seen estimated ranging from just 10,000 to as much as 1.8 million years ago. I think the generally accepted figure is about 300 to 400 thousand years ago, and anything older than that is probably just people taking advantage of natural fires to cook.

    But I think the assumption has always been that our teeth and jaws became small and dainty after we started using fire to cook and soften our food, and so there was no longer a need to chew so much.
  • BelgarathMTHBelgarathMTH Member Posts: 5,653
    @Coutelier, how very interesting! Our teeth and jaws, according to your hypothesis, never evolved to kill and eat meat without tools, but rather, human teeth and jaws actually started regressing after the inventions of fire and meat-eating, as, the human jaw and teeth were not evolving toward present day homo sapiens, until after the invention of fire and tool/weapons making, such that fire, and tool/weapons making, played a part in human natural selection of teeth and other physical characteristics, rather than being descended from an already fully evolved homo sapiens.

    That's a most interesting hypothesis, indeed. Does anyone know of any scientific research along those lines?
  • ImperatorImperator Member Posts: 154
    No theories about the teeth, but I do have a hypothesis about meat eating. I'd say it started with taking advantage of carcasses. Maybe pre-humans saw other animals going at it on a dead zebra and thought "gotta get me some of that", or maybe it was just some starved individuals. Slowly, meat would make it's way into their diet as a supplementary for when primary food sources were scarcer. Then, probably after a forest fire, they noticed that a roasted meat nourished better than anything before (fact: 'bacon' was the first word ever uttered).

    Or maybe not, it is just a hypothesis. I think it's quite widely accepted though that seafood, such as crabs and fish were responsible for increase in our brain size, all those omega fatty acids, yum.

    As for the creationist bunch, spot on. Thank goodness there are only a handful of those nut-jobs here in Europe. And by that I don't mean people who believe in it, but those who want it to be teached as a science. Their arguments aren't based on ignorance, but deliberate manipulation of research and intentional misunderstanding of the word 'theory' and misrepresentation of data.

    My own "Through the wormhole" question regards the existence of life outside Earth. My own view is that of course there is life outside of Earth, hell, they've already proven that there has been running water on Mars, and possible signs of bacterial life. The question is, whether there is any intelligent life out there. Usual answer is that why haven't we heard of them yet. To put simply, we've been looking at the sky for a hundred or so years only, while the universe is about 14 billion years old. Quite a lot of time for species to evolve and disappear. This counters the Fermi paradox, that with all the suitable stars and planets for life, we haven't been visited yet. The thought that there would be another civilization alive at this very moment and it would be close to us is, in my opinion, very egocentric. It'd be impossible to think that we are just one blinking light in the cosmos, gone before anyone notices.
  • ajwzajwz Member Posts: 4,122
    Here's an interesting podcast on the chemical origins of life if you are interested.
    They touch a bit on the flawed thinking about complexity in nature too.

    http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/audio/2013/apr/22/podcast-science-weekly-rutherford-creation
  • BelgarathMTHBelgarathMTH Member Posts: 5,653
    edited July 2013
    @Imperator, I have a thought about why we haven't been either visited by or been able to pick up broadcasting from any other advanced civilizations in the Universe.

    I look at the distances involved, and then study the history of life on our own planet. Earth had several mass extinctions before we finally got into the current cycle that led to intelligent life. There's no reason I see to think that the same cycles of mass extinctions wouldn't have also happened on other life-bearing planets.

    Thus, I think it's entirely possible that intelligent societies all over the Universe tend to arise in tandem, given the time scale, with only relatively minor differences in levels of technological development.

    So, other intelligent societies are likely to be developing interstellar travel capability at the same time we do, if anybody ever does, and that's still a big if. Einstein's limitations on speed are very pesky and persistent.

    As far as broadcasting, we've been doing it for not much more than 100 years. That means our oldest broadcasts are only around 100 years out. I think it's probable that the broadcasts of other intelligent civilizations are also still close out from their own stars and planets, and that the distances among planets that support intelligent civilizations are likely quite a bit more than 100 light years apart.

    "The truth is out there", but I think we will have to find some way to get around the light speed barrier before we're going to be able to look for it effectively. I don't think it will be done through actual, physical speed. I think it will be done by finding some way to use stable wormholes or singularities to fold space and time and take an interstellar "shortcut".

    It's funny, I've got an actual episode of "Through the Wormhole" with Morgan Freeman on my DVR right now that I haven't watched yet, entitled "How Would Aliens Think?"
  • CoutelierCoutelier Member Posts: 1,282
    edited July 2013
    Like I said earlier I think, the basic elements of life (or at least life on Earth, which is the only example we know of right now), are everywhere. We're not made of anything unusual. And we now that most stars have planets around them, and there are hundreds of billions of stars in our galaxy, and hundreds of billions of other galaxies as well... so, yeah, just mathematically I'd say its very unlikely we're the only game in town.

    We don't quite know how life started on Earth, but there is evidence that it started quite early in the history of the planet, 3 - 4 billion years ago... suggesting that maybe it's not really that difficult or unlikely for life to start when all the right elements are around.

    It's hard to speculate on alien life when we only have Earth as an example. I suppose we can look at the number of times different traits have evolved to get an idea of what life elsewhere might be like. Eyes, for example, seem to have appeared quite early and lots of times, so we can probable expect that wherever there is light, the life there will also have some kind of eyes. But intelligence, or at least human-like intelligence where we create tools and language and science... that's only happened once.

    So, my feeling right now is that life might be very common in the universe, but intelligent life quite rare.

    As far as space exploration goes, the good news is you don't really need to travel faster than light. Because of time dilation, if you can go near the speed of light you would travel across the galaxy quite quickly, at least from the point of view of the astronaut. So possibly good news for future astronauts, although for those of us stuck on Earth it would still seem to take a very long time.
  • ElectricMonkElectricMonk Member Posts: 599
    edited July 2013
    Not trying to crush anyone's dreams or insult their points and opinions, just a few things to consider:

    I look at the distances involved, and then study the history of life on our own planet. Earth had several mass extinctions before we finally got into the current cycle that led to intelligent life. There's no reason I see to think that the same cycles of mass extinctions wouldn't have also happened on other life-bearing planets.

    "There's no reason to think that x didn't happen" does not equal "There is a reason to think that x did happen." In fact, it's quite a stretch to suggest that the same cycle of extinction events that happened on Earth are mirrored on even a majority of other planets, and it's an astronomical stretch to suggest that they are likely to have been similar events happening simultaneously (the randomness of the causes of these events makes this extremely unlikely).

    Thus, I think it's entirely possible that intelligent societies all over the Universe tend to arise in tandem, given the time scale, with only relatively minor differences in levels of technological development.

    There really is no reason to believe this, the variables present in the rise of life are such that it would be far more likely that no two societies of human-like intelligence (a potentially unique type of intelligence) ever exist at the same time. Again, it's really reaching and a bit egocentric to think this way, the only reason to do so is a desire for it to be true.

    So, other intelligent societies are likely to be developing interstellar travel capability at the same time we do, if anybody ever does, and that's still a big if. Einstein's limitations on speed are very pesky and persistent.

    As for the first part here, my previous comments stand. As for the annoyances of that d*mn speed of light, I couldn't agree more with its pesky and persistent nature.

    As far as broadcasting, we've been doing it for not much more than 100 years. That means our oldest broadcasts are only around 100 years out. I think it's probable that the broadcasts of other intelligent civilizations are also still close out from their own stars and planets, and that the distances among planets that support intelligent civilizations are likely quite a bit more than 100 light years apart.

    Nothing new here, just still no good reason to believe that other human-like civilizations are rising simultaneously to us and not only developing and evolving but creating technologies and acting in tandem with us as well.

    "The truth is out there", but I think we will have to find some way to get around the light speed barrier before we're going to be able to look for it effectively. I don't think it will be done through actual, physical speed. I think it will be done by finding some way to use stable wormholes or singularities to fold space and time and take an interstellar "shortcut".

    I have had thoughts along the same lines, who knows what the future may hold in this area, science is ever evolving.
    Coutelier said:

    Like I said earlier I think, the basic elements of life (or at least life on Earth, which is the only example we know of right now), are everywhere. We're not made of anything unusual. And we now that most stars have planets around them, and there are hundreds of billions of stars in our galaxy, and hundreds of billions of other galaxies as well... so, yeah, just mathematically I'd say its very unlikely we're the only game in town.

    This assumption depends on one main thing: the rarity or otherwise of our existence. I agree that it could be more likely that our existence is an unexceptional event than an exceptional one (simply because any witnessed event could be thought of as more likely to be common that rare due to it having been witnessed), which would mean that you are correct and mathematically speaking there is likely other life in the universe; although I should use the term "is" loosely as more likely than not it is yet to come or long gone.
    Coutelier said:

    It's hard to speculate on alien life when we only have Earth as an example. I suppose we can look at the number of times different traits have evolved to get an idea of what life elsewhere might be like. Eyes, for example, seem to have appeared quite early and lots of times, so we can probable expect that wherever there is light, the life there will also have some kind of eyes. But intelligence, or at least human-like intelligence where we create tools and language and science... that's only happened once.

    So, my feeling right now is that life might be very common in the universe, but intelligent life quite rare.

    Intelligent life is quite the loaded term. Based on what we know of our specific intelligence, mainly that a great portion of it (and most of what we consider to make us "human") is evolutionary excess. Humans' tendency toward art and self-reflection are not necessarily going to ever be mirrored in the intelligence of any other life. A somewhat interesting thought is a fully evolved utilitarian intelligence: a species with the same general range of intelligence as humans but purely functional intelligence for survival. There would (potentially) be no room in such an intelligence for things such as reflection or appreciation of the arts.
    Coutelier said:

    As far as space exploration goes, the good news is you don't really need to travel faster than light. Because of time dilation, if you can go near the speed of light you would travel across the galaxy quite quickly, at least from the point of view of the astronaut. So possibly good news for future astronauts, although for those of us stuck on Earth it would still seem to take a very long time.

    Edit: Removed an erroneous rebuttal to Coutelier's statement regarding time dilation.
    Post edited by ElectricMonk on
  • CoutelierCoutelier Member Posts: 1,282
    edited July 2013
    jaysl659 said:

    Coutelier said:

    As far as space exploration goes, the good news is you don't really need to travel faster than light. Because of time dilation, if you can go near the speed of light you would travel across the galaxy quite quickly, at least from the point of view of the astronaut. So possibly good news for future astronauts, although for those of us stuck on Earth it would still seem to take a very long time.

    I think that you're misunderstanding the concept of time dilation, which has to do with different interactions of space with time. Time dilation does not allow for traveling across the galaxy quickly by the view of an astronaut.

    If an astronaut leaves Earth traveling at within an insignificant fraction of the speed of light, and continues to travel in the direction at that speed for a year and then reverses direction and returns to Earth at the same speed, two years will have passed for the astronaut. Many more than two years will have passed on Earth during this, but the astronaut is still constrained by having gone at a speed less than the speed of light, and so will have traveled under two light-years on his voyage. The Milky Way Galaxy is over 100,000 light years across, so an astronaut traveling across the galaxy from one end to the other at just under the speed of light would never make the journey in his lifetime as over 100,000 years would pass for the astronaut throughout the journey.
    Um... no. I mean, the first part of what you said was correct, but then you didn't really apply it to the next part. 100,000 years is how long the journey would take from the point of view of people observing it from Earth. For an astronaut traveling on a spaceship at say 99.9 % the speed of light, far less time would pass. The faster you go, the slower time goes. At first the difference is quite small, but as you get nearer the speed of light the difference starts to become much more noticeable and dramatic, increasing more exponentially.

    Otherwise, as I said; the elements for life are extremely common, so there is good reason to be optimistic about that. I specified human-like intelligence though, and I agree; there doesn't seem to be much evolutionary need for it, or it will have happened far more often.

    Post edited by Coutelier on
  • ElectricMonkElectricMonk Member Posts: 599
    Coutelier said:

    jaysl659 said:

    Coutelier said:

    As far as space exploration goes, the good news is you don't really need to travel faster than light. Because of time dilation, if you can go near the speed of light you would travel across the galaxy quite quickly, at least from the point of view of the astronaut. So possibly good news for future astronauts, although for those of us stuck on Earth it would still seem to take a very long time.

    I think that you're misunderstanding the concept of time dilation, which has to do with different interactions of space with time. Time dilation does not allow for traveling across the galaxy quickly by the view of an astronaut.

    If an astronaut leaves Earth traveling at within an insignificant fraction of the speed of light, and continues to travel in the direction at that speed for a year and then reverses direction and returns to Earth at the same speed, two years will have passed for the astronaut. Many more than two years will have passed on Earth during this, but the astronaut is still constrained by having gone at a speed less than the speed of light, and so will have traveled under two light-years on his voyage. The Milky Way Galaxy is over 100,000 light years across, so an astronaut traveling across the galaxy from one end to the other at just under the speed of light would never make the journey in his lifetime as over 100,000 years would pass for the astronaut throughout the journey.
    Um... no. I mean, the first part of what you said was correct, but then you didn't really apply it to the next part. 100,000 years is how long the journey would take from the point of view of people observing it from Earth. For an astronaut traveling on a spaceship at say 99.9 % the speed of light, far less time would pass. The faster you go, the slower time goes. At first the difference is quite small, but as you get nearer the speed of light the difference starts to become much more noticeable and dramatic, increasing more exponentially.

    Otherwise, as I said; the elements for life are extremely common, so there is good reason to be optimistic about that. I specified human-like intelligence though, and I agree; there doesn't seem to be much evolutionary need for it, or it will have happened far more often.

    I stand corrected, a brief internet search confirms that the current thinking is in fact that an astronaut could travel the known universe in his lifetime with sufficient speed and return to Earth (billions of years into Earth's future). This means that it does not take 100,000 years from the perspective of light (if it had a perspective) to cross the galaxy after all, it only takes 100,000 years for us on Earth to perceive the light traveling that distance.

    This seems an interesting concept. You see, it was my assumption that 100,000 years would pass for the astronaut and that many more than 100,000 years would pass on Earth; I suppose I was fundamentally misunderstanding a part of the theory of time dilation. Thank you for correcting me, I do not like to spread misinformation.
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