Can someone explain damage to me?
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2 - Is this second question still related to backstabbing? If so, it is more about a specific weapon than it's damage type. For instance, there are very good staves in BG and BG2 and in ToB the weapon with the highest damage count is a quarterstaff so it is usually recommended for backstabing . Another common weapon for backstabbing is short sword because there are many good ones for thieves.
Now, considering that your second question is not about backstabing I believe that slashing and blunt damage are the best types in the game because (a) some enemies such as slimes and clay golems are immune to piercing or missile damage and (b) some enemies such as skeletons and golems are highly resistant to all kinds of damage except crushing. It doesn't mean that your protagonist needs to specialize in those weapons , as long as someone in your party does (Jaheira is good with clubs ans staves, Anomen can fight with maces and hammers ) and even if you're not proficient with a blunt weapon remember that fighter types suffer very few penalties when attacking with a weapon they're not proficient with . In other words, pick proficiency points in the weapons you like the most , just remember to have other types of weapons in your inventory for emergencies.
The damage dealt is the weapon dice (1d6 in case of quarterstaff) + other bonuses which can be strength bonus (starting at str 16) , weapon specialization, weapon magic bonus , proficiency bonus, class kit bonuses or magical buffs.
For example: A half orc with strength 19 , specialized in quarterstaff , will deal 1d6+ 7 (strength bonus) + 2 (specialization) . In other words, his damage will range from 9 to 15 .
Strength bonuses and on-hit effects, if any, don't apply to backstab damage. Everything else is factored in. If the half-orc in @DJKajuru's example was level 1 and therefore had a 2x backstab multiplier, the staff would deal 3-8 base damage (from 1d6+2), doubled by the backstab to 6-16 damage, and then bumped up to 13-23 by the +7 bonus from its strength.