These love letters between 12th century nuns are hauntingly beautiful
https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2018/12/love-letters-12th-century-nuns-hauntingly-beautiful/?fbclid=IwAR24TigLJtTOYv8mcMRhQAQ67IyoQFfziJ5OELgBfgybJBwhmN7IM4KXYf0 To C-–, sweeter than honey or honeycomb, B-— sends all the love there is to her love. You who are unique and special, why do you make delay so long, so far away? Why do you want your only one to die, who as you know, loves you with soul and body, who sighs for you at every hour, at every moment, like a hungry little bird. Since I’ve had to be without your sweetest presence, I have not wished to hear or see any other human being, but as the turtle-dove, having lost its mate, perches forever on its little dried up branch, so I lament endlessly till I shall enjoy your trust again. I look about and do not find my lover — she does not comfort me even with a single word. Indeed when I reflect on the loveliness of your most joyful speech and aspect, I am utterly depressed, for I find nothing now that I could compare with your love, sweet beyond honey and honeycomb, compared with which the brightness of gold and silver is tarnished. What more? In you is all gentleness, all perfection, so my spirit languishes perpetually by your absence. You are devoid of the gall of any faithlessness, you are sweeter than milk and honey, you are peerless among thousands, I love you more than any. You alone are my love and longing, you the sweet cooling of my mind, no joy for me anywhere without you. All that was delightful with you is wearisome and heavy without you. So I truly do want to tell you, if I could buy your life for the price of mine, [I’d do it] instantly, for you are the only woman I have chosen according to my heart. Therefore I beseech God that bitter death may not come to me before I enjoy the dearly desired sight of you again. Farewell. Have of me all the faith and love there is. Accept the writing I send, and with it my constant mind.
Horse Skeleton With Saddle and Harness Still Attached Uncovered at Pompeii
The remains of a horse, with its harness and saddle still attached, have been uncovered at the Villa of Mysteries at Pompeii Archaeological Park in Italy, the BBC reports. The formerly luxurious villa is a well-preserved suburban estate on the outskirts of Pompeii that once overlooked the sea. Massimo Osanna, the director general of the park, said the horse likely belonged to a high-ranking military officer, possibly a general, or a high-ranking military magistrate.
These love letters between 12th century nuns are hauntingly beautiful
https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2018/12/love-letters-12th-century-nuns-hauntingly-beautiful/?fbclid=IwAR24TigLJtTOYv8mcMRhQAQ67IyoQFfziJ5OELgBfgybJBwhmN7IM4KXYf0 To C-–, sweeter than honey or honeycomb, B-— sends all the love there is to her love. You who are unique and special, why do you make delay so long, so far away? Why do you want your only one to die, who as you know, loves you with soul and body, who sighs for you at every hour, at every moment, like a hungry little bird. Since I’ve had to be without your sweetest presence, I have not wished to hear or see any other human being, but as the turtle-dove, having lost its mate, perches forever on its little dried up branch, so I lament endlessly till I shall enjoy your trust again. I look about and do not find my lover — she does not comfort me even with a single word. Indeed when I reflect on the loveliness of your most joyful speech and aspect, I am utterly depressed, for I find nothing now that I could compare with your love, sweet beyond honey and honeycomb, compared with which the brightness of gold and silver is tarnished. What more? In you is all gentleness, all perfection, so my spirit languishes perpetually by your absence. You are devoid of the gall of any faithlessness, you are sweeter than milk and honey, you are peerless among thousands, I love you more than any. You alone are my love and longing, you the sweet cooling of my mind, no joy for me anywhere without you. All that was delightful with you is wearisome and heavy without you. So I truly do want to tell you, if I could buy your life for the price of mine, [I’d do it] instantly, for you are the only woman I have chosen according to my heart. Therefore I beseech God that bitter death may not come to me before I enjoy the dearly desired sight of you again. Farewell. Have of me all the faith and love there is. Accept the writing I send, and with it my constant mind.
10 terrible taxes in history https://www.historyextra.com/period/medieval/10-terrible-taxes/ The poll tax, first used extensively in England in 1377 at 4d per head, was designed to provide a more stable revenue for the crown than taxes on property, land and commodities. The tax was highly unpopular, for everyone paid the same, regardless of their means. The situation was made still worse by exemptions granted to children on the basis that girls were virgins – leading John Legge, serjeant at law, to carry out public examinations.
While trying to create a pig in Minecraft, Markus Persson accidentally switched the length and height in code and ended up with the monstrosity now known as a creeper.
Before the 1970's, skeletons were classified as male or female. The problem with this is that they are not that clearly separated. After a German researcher named Kenneth Weiss wrote a ground breaking paper on skeleton morphology, Those whose skeletons were neither clearly male nor clearly female began to be filed as "indeterminate", rather than assuming they were one or the other. That holds to this day.
Big Bang Was Actually a Phase Change, New Theory Says https://www.space.com/17217-big-bang-phase-change-theory.html?fbclid=IwAR38eXJVpeve-lOnfJjZU4V3yRGWMdeo9apfz0LGBDka-qHgGQy_J3ABXp0 How did the universe begin? The Big Bang is traditionally envisioned as the moment when an infinitely dense bundle of energy suddenly burst outward, expanding in three spatial directions and gradually cooling down as it did so. Now, a team of physicists says the Big Bang should be modeled as a phase change: the moment when an amorphous, formless universe analogous to liquid water cooled and suddenly crystallized to form four-dimensional space-time, analogous to ice.
In a lot of Pixar films, you will notice (in the background somewhere) the number A-113. This is the number of the classroom in The California Institute of the Arts, referring to the classroom used by graphic design and character animation students including John Lasseter, Tim Burton and Brad Bird. It is an Easter Egg so when you spot it, you know that at least one animator is an alumnus. It has also appeared in The Simpsons (on the prison Jumpsuit of Krusty the Clown in an episode where he is on trial), And in an episode of the new Doctor Who, on a train in the underground.
Black Cats are seen as unlucky in the USA, but it is the opposite in Europe and Japan, where they are very lucky indeed. The Khao Manee, a white cat with one green eye and one blue eye, are especially lukcy in Thailand, where their name means "The Color of money" or "Diamond Eye Cat" Only Odd-eyed cats are considered lucky.
After Pope Gregory IX associated cats with devil worship, cats throughout Europe were exterminated in droves. This sudden lack of cats led to the spread of disease because infected rats ran free. The most devastating of these diseases, the Bubonic Plague, or the Black Death, killed 100 million people. The people who survived passed on the the gene protecting them to it to their descendants. This may be why successive waves of the plague killed less and less people.
In the 13th century 30,000 children went on what is known as the Children's Crusade. They were convinced God would allow them to take back the Holy Land without incident, but most died on the journey or were sold into slavery. They were led by two young boys, one from Germany, one from France. Neither made it to where they were going. Both claimed the Sea would part for them. Some of the German group settled in Genoa, rather than returning home. This story may or may not be apocryphal.
If you want to get really technical, the symptoms of bubonic plague would be due partly to the human's immune response rather than the bacterium itself.
If you want to get super technical, bubonic plague is caused by atoms.
^ As a M.Sc. student in biomedical engineering, I'm not sure I'd agree..
Are there any theories about what specifically caused those black boils? I know most disease symptoms for lesser afflictions (at the most basic level, fever temperatures and sinus issues) are due to immune system responses, but I'm not clear on what would cause boils.
^ As a M.Sc. student in biomedical engineering, I'm not sure I'd agree..
Are there any theories about what specifically caused those black boils? I know most disease symptoms for lesser afflictions (at the most basic level, fever temperatures and sinus issues) are due to immune system responses, but I'm not clear on what would cause boils.
My comment was more in response to the latter claim but here also an argument would be:
Would the boils be present without the plague? If not the cause is ultimately the plague.
Well, remember, not all patients developed buboes. Some people caught pneumatic plague, or septicemic plague. They weren't "boils", but swollen lymph nodes.
Bubonic plague In bubonic plague, the most common form, bacteria infect the lymph system and become inflamed. (The lymph or lymphatic system is a major component of your body's immune system. The organs within the lymphatic system are the tonsils, adenoids, spleen, and thymus.)
How do you get it?
Usually, you get bubonic plague from the bite of an infected flea or rodent. In rare cases, Y. pestis bacteria, from a piece of contaminated clothing or other material used by a person with plague, enter the body through an opening in the skin.
What are the symptoms?
Bubonic plague affects the lymph nodes (another part of the lymph system). Within 3 to 7 days of exposure to plague bacteria, you will develop flu-like symptoms such as fever, headache, chills, weakness, and swollen, tender lymph glands (called buboes—hence the name bubonic).
Is it contagious?
Bubonic plague is rarely spread from person to person.
Septicemic plague This form of plague occurs when the bacteria multiply in the blood.
How do you get it?
You usually get septicemic plague the same way as bubonic plague—through a flea or rodent bite. You can also get septicemic plague if you had untreated bubonic or pneumonic plague.
What are the symptoms?
Symptoms include fever, chills, weakness, abdominal pain, shock, and bleeding underneath the skin or other organs. Buboes, however, do not develop.
Is it contagious?
Septicemic plague is rarely spread from person to person.
Pneumonic plague This is the most serious form of plague and occurs when Y. pestis bacteria infect the lungs and cause pneumonia.
How do you get it?
You get primary pneumonic plague when you inhale plague bacteria from an infected person or animal. You usually have to be in direct or close contact with the ill person or animal. You get secondary pneumonic plague if you have untreated bubonic or septicemic plague that spreads to your lungs.
What are the symptoms?
Symptoms usually develop within 1 to 3 days after you are exposed to airborne droplets of plague bacteria. Pneumonia begins quickly, with shortness of breath, chest pain, cough, and sometimes bloody or watery sputum. Other symptoms include fever, headache, and weakness.
Is it contagious?
Pneumonic plague is contagious. If someone has pneumonic plague and coughs, droplets containing Y. pestis bacteria from their lungs are released into the air. An uninfected person can then develop pneumonic plague by breathing in those droplets.
Transmission Y. pestis is found in animals throughout the world, most commonly in rats but occasionally in other wild animals, such as prairie dogs. Most cases of human plague are caused by bites of infected animals or the infected fleas that feed on them. In almost all cases, only the pneumonic form of plague (see Forms of Plague) can be passed from person to person.
The Buboes came from swollen and inflamed lymph nodes. People with Pneumonic plague would literally fall down dead without showing the swellings, which made it the most feared type, because it seemed like God (or the Devil) just struck you down with no warning.
The first Ball dropped at 1 Times Square in 1907. It was made of steel and wood, 100 light bulbs and weighed 700 pounds. The current ball weight 27,000 pounds and is made up of 26,888 Waterford crystals that make up 16 million colors. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/31/nyregion/31vault.html
A really bad case of Pneumonia actually. I almost died, but now I know what to look for, so yay.
Anyone here familiar with Cesare Borgia? Any Christians here doubtlessly know what he looks like, even if they have never heard the name before. Look familiar?
He was made into a Cardinal when his father confirmed as Pope. Pope Alexander VI was a notorious anti semite, and ordered that all portraits of the Christ be modeled after his son. Which is why so many images of Jesus to this day are white. Prior to this event most depictions of Jesus had darker skin and hair.
Cats purr at the same rate as a diesel engine cycles. Also, purring helps cats (and those who hear the purr and feel the vibration) to heal strains and sprains faster. So it's literally therapeutic. This is wht injured cats often purr. As the kitten grows into adulthood, purring continues. Many suggest a cat purrs from contentment and pleasure. ... Purring may be linked to the strengthening and repairing of bones, relief of pain, and wound healing (See Web link to Felid Purr: A Healing Mechanism). Purring was thought to be a unique vocal feature in the domestic cat. However, only "lesser" cat species can purr, and the cougar is the largest cat that can still purr. Of course, it's usually LOUDER in cougars. Other cats, like lions, tigers, jaguars and leopards, cannot purr. They can, however, roar.
It is supposedly because of the Hyoid bone. In the larget cats, the Hyoid bone (located in the throat area) is inflexible, allowing the cats to roar but not purr. Smaller cats have a flexible hyoid bone, allowing them to purr, but not roar. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pHZm52nvBB4
Also, the Eastern Puma was officially declared exint last year (January 23rd, 2018). This makes me unhappy.
The Gettysburgh address was photographed. So was the last Lifeboat off the Titanic (the next day). As was the atomic Bombing of Nagasaki- while it was happening.
Also, Louisiana is losing land because of rising sea levels. The "Boot" is looking more like a top hat these days. The areas in color are sinking. The closer to red, the more it has subsided.
The Longest War on Record was the Reconquista of the Iberian Peninsula, which lasted 781 years. The second lonest set of wars was the Romans vs. The Persians, which lasted 721 years. The third (and closes to the modern day, was Sicily vs the Dutch, which lasted 335 years and only ended in 1986. One war is still ongoing, the Karen Conflict in Southeast Asia. It has been ongoing since 1949, 67 years.
Some wars are misnamed. The Hundred Years war lasted 113 years, 1337-1453.
The two shortest conflicts (both still called Wars) were the Falklands War, 42 days, and the even shorter Football War, 4 days,
The Football War (Spanish: La guerra del fútbol; colloquial: Soccer War or the 100 Hours War) was a brief war fought between El Salvador and Honduras in 1969. Existing tensions between the two countries coincided with rioting during a 1970 FIFA World Cup qualifier. The war began on 14 July 1969, when the Salvadoran military launched an attack against Honduras. The Organization of American States (OAS) negotiated a cease-fire on the night of 18 July (hence "100 Hour War"), which took full effect on 20 July. Salvadoran troops were withdrawn in early August.
What about the Six Day War of 1967? In response to an incoming Arab army, Israel made an incredibly risky gamble on a blitzkrieg strategy, sending its entire air force out to bomb the Arab air force at the cost of leaving the nation itself completely without air support. Had the Arabs realized Israel had left itself vulnerable during the attack, they could have gone on the offensive and destroyed much of the country, but they were caught by surprise and failed to take advantage of the opportunity. The Israelis crippled the Arab air forces, and without air support, the Arab army was defenseless to Israeli air power, which broke their strength within six days.
Queen Victoria and her husband had nine children in seventeen years, being that they were very passionately in love with each other. But she didn't like being pregnant, saying it made her feel like a cow. But she and her husband had no idea about family planning. Nevertheless, she and Albert, her husband, wanted to be seen as a model, loving and happy family as well as a moral family who would be an example for the nation and the other dynasties of Europe. They also planned to narry their children into other dynasties, spreading their example, and their rectitude, into other nations
With Victoria focussing on ruling England, it was left to Albert to raise the family. Victoria didn't like to breastfeed, leaving it to a wetnurse. Albert set out the education of his family. While he succeeded with their first child, Daughter Victoria (called Vicky by the family). She was the only one who really lived up to the hopes that Victoria and Albert had. Brilliant and an equally brilliant scholar, she stood out amongst their children. Not to much Albert Edward Victor, their firstborn son, was not a good scholar (he may have had ADHD). At the end of their lives, Albert and Victoria were more in despair of their children, because they could not mold them into the kind of children they wanted.
Like all parents before and after, Queen Victoria and Prince Albert learned that children have an extraordinary ability to perplex, frustrate and amaze at their individuality and their obstinate refusal to turn into little paragons. Years later Victoria was honest enough to say this herself in a surprising yet characteristic admission: “You will find as your children grow up that as a rule your children are a bitter disappointment – their greatest object being to do precisely what their parents do not wish and have anxiously tried to prevent”. The great matriarch concluded with an eternal truth that it had taken her years to come to appreciate that “often when children have been less watched and less taken care of – the better they turn out! This is inexplicable and very annoying!”.
Certainly her own children, in the main, turned out well enough despite the untimely death of their father and the failure of his plan. Even Bertie, a libertine and prince of pleasure, was as Edward VII a very successful king whose easy charm and diplomatic skills ensured the continuing popularity of the British royal family and brought Britain closer to France on the eve of the catastrophe of the First World War. In a surprising and all too human way, Albert’s plan had worked out after all.
She was only 18 when she took the throne. Her father died when she was just a child, and she was raised by her mother. Victoria spent her formative years at Kensington Palace, where she was born in May 1819. However, in many ways the palace proved a prison for the princess, and her childhood there was far from rosy. Following her father’s death from pneumonia when she was just eight months old, Victoria’s early life was dominated by her mother, the Duchess of Kent, and her ambitious adviser Sir John Conroy. Keen to establish himself as the power behind the throne in the event of a Regency (in which Victoria’s mother would rule with her if she acceded while still underage), Conroy sought to keep tight control of the princess. Both he and the Duchess had a hostile relationship with Victoria’s uncle, King William, and consequently kept Victoria isolated from the royal court, even preventing her from attending her uncle’s coronation. The pair imposed a stifling code of discipline on the young Victoria, which came to be known as the ‘Kensington System’. Along with a strict timetable of lessons to improve her moral and intellectual rigor, this suffocating regime dictated that the princess spent hardly any time with other children and was under constant adult supervision. Right up until the time she became queen, Victoria was forced to share a bedroom with her mother. She was forbidden from ever being alone, or even walking down stairs without someone holding her hand. Later in life, Victoria reflected that she “led a very unhappy life as a child… and did not know what a happy domestic life was”. She retained a deep-seated hatred of John Conroy for manipulating her mother and imposing such rigid rules on her, later describing him as “demon incarnate”. After she became queen, Victoria was able to free herself from the claustrophobic grip of Conroy and her mother. Her relationship with her mother remained strained and distant for many years and she limited Conroy’s influence at court. Just two years after Victoria took the throne, he resigned his post and left for Italy amid shame and scandal.
She was also tiny. She only reached 4'11 in height. In her first meeting with her ministers, she had to sit on a raised platform to be seen. Her relationship with some of her Prime Minsters was good, with others, not. The ones she got along with best, including Benjamin Disraeli, knew to flatter her- I suspect her early childhood made her more susceptible to flattery, having had so little of it.
Because of all of her children marrying into various royal houses across Europe, she was known as "The grandmother of Europe. She had 42 grandchildren living as far away as Prussia, Germany, Russia, Romania and Spain. However, one thing she did pass down in her bloodline was Hemophilia. One of her sons, Leopold, died of a cerebral hemmorage when he fell walking in the garden. Other sufferers include Tsarevitch Alexi, her great-grandson.
She also survived six attempts on her life, being shot at, hit with a cane, and others, when riding in an open carriage. After the death of her husband, she wore black (the deepest mourning) for 40 years, and slept next to an image of him at night. She even had clothes laid out for him every morning for the rest of her life.
She also had other passionate relationships, including with John Brown. So much so that at one point, people whispered about her being "Mrs. Brown". Behind her back, I'm assuming, and not to her face.
Comments
These love letters between 12th century nuns are hauntingly beautiful
https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2018/12/love-letters-12th-century-nuns-hauntingly-beautiful/?fbclid=IwAR24TigLJtTOYv8mcMRhQAQ67IyoQFfziJ5OELgBfgybJBwhmN7IM4KXYf0To C-–, sweeter than honey or honeycomb, B-— sends all the love there is to her love. You who are unique and special, why do you make delay so long, so far away? Why do you want your only one to die, who as you know, loves you with soul and body, who sighs for you at every hour, at every moment, like a hungry little bird.
Since I’ve had to be without your sweetest presence, I have not wished to hear or see any other human being, but as the turtle-dove, having lost its mate, perches forever on its little dried up branch, so I lament endlessly till I shall enjoy your trust again. I look about and do not find my lover — she does not comfort me even with a single word. Indeed when I reflect on the loveliness of your most joyful speech and aspect, I am utterly depressed, for I find nothing now that I could compare with your love, sweet beyond honey and honeycomb, compared with which the brightness of gold and silver is tarnished. What more?
In you is all gentleness, all perfection, so my spirit languishes perpetually by your absence. You are devoid of the gall of any faithlessness, you are sweeter than milk and honey, you are peerless among thousands, I love you more than any. You alone are my love and longing, you the sweet cooling of my mind, no joy for me anywhere without you. All that was delightful with you is wearisome and heavy without you.
So I truly do want to tell you, if I could buy your life for the price of mine, [I’d do it] instantly, for you are the only woman I have chosen according to my heart. Therefore I beseech God that bitter death may not come to me before I enjoy the dearly desired sight of you again.
Farewell. Have of me all the faith and love there is. Accept the writing I send, and with it my constant mind.
Horse Skeleton With Saddle and Harness Still Attached Uncovered at Pompeii
https://gizmodo.com/horse-skeleton-with-saddle-and-harness-still-attached-u-1831296646?utm_source=gizmodo_facebook&utm_medium=socialflow&utm_campaign=socialflow_gizmodo_facebook&fbclid=IwAR3kLejS5OK7TrBijpp6luIROD2ua4lUhfsqL-em9FyFY9EPkxrVXt39yeEThe volcano that destroyed Pompeii in 79 AD affected both the citizens of the ancient Roman city and their animal companions, as a remarkable new discovery shows.
The remains of a horse, with its harness and saddle still attached, have been uncovered at the Villa of Mysteries at Pompeii Archaeological Park in Italy, the BBC reports. The formerly luxurious villa is a well-preserved suburban estate on the outskirts of Pompeii that once overlooked the sea. Massimo Osanna, the director general of the park, said the horse likely belonged to a high-ranking military officer, possibly a general, or a high-ranking military magistrate.
And what would a Queen's Christmas speech by Matilda or Elizabeth 1 have sounded like?
https://www.historyextra.com/period/tudor/queen-christmas-speech-alternative-history-elizabeth-i-mary-tudor-queen-anne/?utm_source=Browser&utm_medium=Web_Push_Notifications&utm_campaign=Tudor
I can only quote @semiticgod from another thread.
Robin Hood: how the legendary figure has been portrayed across the centuries
https://www.historyextra.com/period/medieval/robin-hood-legacy-taron-egerton-film-real-history-historical-accuracy/?utm_source=Browser&utm_medium=Push_Web_Notifications&utm_campaign=Medieval
10 terrible taxes in history
https://www.historyextra.com/period/medieval/10-terrible-taxes/
The poll tax, first used extensively in England in 1377 at 4d per head, was designed to provide a more stable revenue for the crown than taxes on property, land and commodities. The tax was highly unpopular, for everyone paid the same, regardless of their means. The situation was made still worse by exemptions granted to children on the basis that girls were virgins – leading John Legge, serjeant at law, to carry out public examinations.
The 10 worst Britons in history
https://www.historyextra.com/period/medieval/the-10-worst-britons-in-history/
https://psmag.com/social-justice/our-bones-reveal-sex-is-not-binary?fbclid=IwAR3ta4tbxx1YtVquZLxOtvj_kd7reHmrS7lmsCOrioECB4bMPQK9-q8Un58
Big Bang Was Actually a Phase Change, New Theory Says
https://www.space.com/17217-big-bang-phase-change-theory.html?fbclid=IwAR38eXJVpeve-lOnfJjZU4V3yRGWMdeo9apfz0LGBDka-qHgGQy_J3ABXp0
How did the universe begin? The Big Bang is traditionally envisioned as the moment when an infinitely dense bundle of energy suddenly burst outward, expanding in three spatial directions and gradually cooling down as it did so.
Now, a team of physicists says the Big Bang should be modeled as a phase change: the moment when an amorphous, formless universe analogous to liquid water cooled and suddenly crystallized to form four-dimensional space-time, analogous to ice.
Black Cats are seen as unlucky in the USA, but it is the opposite in Europe and Japan, where they are very lucky indeed. The Khao Manee, a white cat with one green eye and one blue eye, are especially lukcy in Thailand, where their name means "The Color of money" or "Diamond Eye Cat" Only Odd-eyed cats are considered lucky.
After Pope Gregory IX associated cats with devil worship, cats throughout Europe were exterminated in droves. This sudden lack of cats led to the spread of disease because infected rats ran free. The most devastating of these diseases, the Bubonic Plague, or the Black Death, killed 100 million people. The people who survived passed on the the gene protecting them to it to their descendants. This may be why successive waves of the plague killed less and less people.
In the 13th century 30,000 children went on what is known as the Children's Crusade. They were convinced God would allow them to take back the Holy Land without incident, but most died on the journey or were sold into slavery. They were led by two young boys, one from Germany, one from France. Neither made it to where they were going. Both claimed the Sea would part for them. Some of the German group settled in Genoa, rather than returning home. This story may or may not be apocryphal.
Bubonic plague is still around. Still in America, even.
If you want to get super technical, bubonic plague is caused by atoms.
Here's How WWI Soldiers Actually Dressed
https://finance.yahoo.com/news/apos-wwi-soldiers-actually-dressed-152300085.html?fbclid=IwAR13qFsoR01-6H8EyWG9d0BghCrvPdWL-CkHSezvCL8O7CX7wy6nIWUDFU8Cotton underthings, wool outfit.
Most of the clothing is military issue although some items, including wool underlayers and socks, were often made by civilian women back home supporting the war effort. The video points out that socks tended to last just three days during long distances marches, so large numbers of knitted socks were continually needed.
Would the boils be present without the plague? If not the cause is ultimately the plague.
Bubonic plague
In bubonic plague, the most common form, bacteria infect the lymph system and become inflamed. (The lymph or lymphatic system is a major component of your body's immune system. The organs within the lymphatic system are the tonsils, adenoids, spleen, and thymus.)
How do you get it?
Usually, you get bubonic plague from the bite of an infected flea or rodent. In rare cases, Y. pestis bacteria, from a piece of contaminated clothing or other material used by a person with plague, enter the body through an opening in the skin.
What are the symptoms?
Bubonic plague affects the lymph nodes (another part of the lymph system). Within 3 to 7 days of exposure to plague bacteria, you will develop flu-like symptoms such as fever, headache, chills, weakness, and swollen, tender lymph glands (called buboes—hence the name bubonic).
Is it contagious?
Bubonic plague is rarely spread from person to person.
Septicemic plague
This form of plague occurs when the bacteria multiply in the blood.
How do you get it?
You usually get septicemic plague the same way as bubonic plague—through a flea or rodent bite. You can also get septicemic plague if you had untreated bubonic or pneumonic plague.
What are the symptoms?
Symptoms include fever, chills, weakness, abdominal pain, shock, and bleeding underneath the skin or other organs. Buboes, however, do not develop.
Is it contagious?
Septicemic plague is rarely spread from person to person.
Pneumonic plague
This is the most serious form of plague and occurs when Y. pestis bacteria infect the lungs and cause pneumonia.
How do you get it?
You get primary pneumonic plague when you inhale plague bacteria from an infected person or animal. You usually have to be in direct or close contact with the ill person or animal. You get secondary pneumonic plague if you have untreated bubonic or septicemic plague that spreads to your lungs.
What are the symptoms?
Symptoms usually develop within 1 to 3 days after you are exposed to airborne droplets of plague bacteria. Pneumonia begins quickly, with shortness of breath, chest pain, cough, and sometimes bloody or watery sputum. Other symptoms include fever, headache, and weakness.
Is it contagious?
Pneumonic plague is contagious. If someone has pneumonic plague and coughs, droplets containing Y. pestis bacteria from their lungs are released into the air. An uninfected person can then develop pneumonic plague by breathing in those droplets.
Transmission
Y. pestis is found in animals throughout the world, most commonly in rats but occasionally in other wild animals, such as prairie dogs. Most cases of human plague are caused by bites of infected animals or the infected fleas that feed on them. In almost all cases, only the pneumonic form of plague (see Forms of Plague) can be passed from person to person.
The Buboes came from swollen and inflamed lymph nodes. People with Pneumonic plague would literally fall down dead without showing the swellings, which made it the most feared type, because it seemed like God (or the Devil) just struck you down with no warning.
https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/31/nyregion/31vault.html
Anyone here familiar with Cesare Borgia? Any Christians here doubtlessly know what he looks like, even if they have never heard the name before.
Look familiar?
He was made into a Cardinal when his father confirmed as Pope. Pope Alexander VI was a notorious anti semite, and ordered that all portraits of the Christ be modeled after his son. Which is why so many images of Jesus to this day are white. Prior to this event most depictions of Jesus had darker skin and hair.
The New Year’s resolutions Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth I and Josef Stalin should have made…
https://www.historyextra.com/period/norman/new-years-resolutions-anne-boleyn-elizabeth-i-josef-stalin-douglas-haig-elizabeth/?utm_source=Browser&utm_medium=Push_Web_Notifications&utm_campaign=General modernTo make their lives turn out better and/or different.
It is supposedly because of the Hyoid bone. In the larget cats, the Hyoid bone (located in the throat area) is inflexible, allowing the cats to roar but not purr. Smaller cats have a flexible hyoid bone, allowing them to purr, but not roar.
Also, the Eastern Puma was officially declared exint last year (January 23rd, 2018). This makes me unhappy.
Abraham Lincoln may have been bisexual.
https://allthatsinteresting.com/was-abraham-lincoln-gay?fbclid=IwAR0Z_wp1jsDdR1YB1kiQZZHsvmiEKQLBwZ-3MSoKqJh8zSGHJRKwML61Agw
(The article says Gay, but since he also chased women...
And Louisiana had pyramid-shaped mounds of dirt raised by Native Americans long before the Pyramids were built in Egypt.
Louisiana’s Pyramids
https://www.dinemagazine.com/louisianas-pyramids/?fbclid=IwAR1_RCxOLV3xSrdYQnttKlJkzrWTbaxvKhIPoWk_zeabSwvFQ3UPuwhWNMc
Also, Louisiana is losing land because of rising sea levels. The "Boot" is looking more like a top hat these days.
The areas in color are sinking. The closer to red, the more it has subsided.
In short, it could soon look more like this:
https://www.businessinsider.com/louisianas-coast-is-sinking-2014-9
This is happening in Alaska, too, mainly on the small islands that are built on mostly ice. Thanks to global warming, people are losing their homes. The ice doesn't protect them from the coastal storms, which tear chunks off the islands.
https://www.cnn.com/2017/03/29/us/sutter-shishmaref-esau-tragedy/index.html
Edited to fix a word... And to add this link: https://www.factcheck.org/2017/03/land-loss-in-louisiana/
Europe’s holy war: how the Reformation convulsed a continent
https://www.historyextra.com/period/tudor/european-holy-war-martin-luther-reformation-europe-history.From Martin Luther's assault on the pope to the horror of the Thirty Years' War, Diarmaid MacCulloch picks out 12 key moments in the western church's great schism...
The Longest War on Record was the Reconquista of the Iberian Peninsula, which lasted 781 years. The second lonest set of wars was the Romans vs. The Persians, which lasted 721 years. The third (and closes to the modern day, was Sicily vs the Dutch, which lasted 335 years and only ended in 1986. One war is still ongoing, the Karen Conflict in Southeast Asia. It has been ongoing since 1949, 67 years.
Some wars are misnamed. The Hundred Years war lasted 113 years, 1337-1453.
The two shortest conflicts (both still called Wars) were the Falklands War, 42 days, and the even shorter Football War, 4 days,
The Football War (Spanish: La guerra del fútbol; colloquial: Soccer War or the 100 Hours War) was a brief war fought between El Salvador and Honduras in 1969. Existing tensions between the two countries coincided with rioting during a 1970 FIFA World Cup qualifier. The war began on 14 July 1969, when the Salvadoran military launched an attack against Honduras. The Organization of American States (OAS) negotiated a cease-fire on the night of 18 July (hence "100 Hour War"), which took full effect on 20 July. Salvadoran troops were withdrawn in early August.
With Victoria focussing on ruling England, it was left to Albert to raise the family. Victoria didn't like to breastfeed, leaving it to a wetnurse. Albert set out the education of his family. While he succeeded with their first child, Daughter Victoria (called Vicky by the family). She was the only one who really lived up to the hopes that Victoria and Albert had. Brilliant and an equally brilliant scholar, she stood out amongst their children. Not to much Albert Edward Victor, their firstborn son, was not a good scholar (he may have had ADHD). At the end of their lives, Albert and Victoria were more in despair of their children, because they could not mold them into the kind of children they wanted.
Like all parents before and after, Queen Victoria and Prince Albert learned that children have an extraordinary ability to perplex, frustrate and amaze at their individuality and their obstinate refusal to turn into little paragons. Years later Victoria was honest enough to say this herself in a surprising yet characteristic admission: “You will find as your children grow up that as a rule your children are a bitter disappointment – their greatest object being to do precisely what their parents do not wish and have anxiously tried to prevent”. The great matriarch concluded with an eternal truth that it had taken her years to come to appreciate that “often when children have been less watched and less taken care of – the better they turn out! This is inexplicable and very annoying!”.
Certainly her own children, in the main, turned out well enough despite the untimely death of their father and the failure of his plan. Even Bertie, a libertine and prince of pleasure, was as Edward VII a very successful king whose easy charm and diplomatic skills ensured the continuing popularity of the British royal family and brought Britain closer to France on the eve of the catastrophe of the First World War. In a surprising and all too human way, Albert’s plan had worked out after all.
She was only 18 when she took the throne. Her father died when she was just a child, and she was raised by her mother. Victoria spent her formative years at Kensington Palace, where she was born in May 1819. However, in many ways the palace proved a prison for the princess, and her childhood there was far from rosy.
Following her father’s death from pneumonia when she was just eight months old, Victoria’s early life was dominated by her mother, the Duchess of Kent, and her ambitious adviser Sir John Conroy. Keen to establish himself as the power behind the throne in the event of a Regency (in which Victoria’s mother would rule with her if she acceded while still underage), Conroy sought to keep tight control of the princess. Both he and the Duchess had a hostile relationship with Victoria’s uncle, King William, and consequently kept Victoria isolated from the royal court, even preventing her from attending her uncle’s coronation.
The pair imposed a stifling code of discipline on the young Victoria, which came to be known as the ‘Kensington System’. Along with a strict timetable of lessons to improve her moral and intellectual rigor, this suffocating regime dictated that the princess spent hardly any time with other children and was under constant adult supervision. Right up until the time she became queen, Victoria was forced to share a bedroom with her mother. She was forbidden from ever being alone, or even walking down stairs without someone holding her hand.
Later in life, Victoria reflected that she “led a very unhappy life as a child… and did not know what a happy domestic life was”. She retained a deep-seated hatred of John Conroy for manipulating her mother and imposing such rigid rules on her, later describing him as “demon incarnate”.
After she became queen, Victoria was able to free herself from the claustrophobic grip of Conroy and her mother. Her relationship with her mother remained strained and distant for many years and she limited Conroy’s influence at court. Just two years after Victoria took the throne, he resigned his post and left for Italy amid shame and scandal.
She was also tiny. She only reached 4'11 in height. In her first meeting with her ministers, she had to sit on a raised platform to be seen. Her relationship with some of her Prime Minsters was good, with others, not. The ones she got along with best, including Benjamin Disraeli, knew to flatter her- I suspect her early childhood made her more susceptible to flattery, having had so little of it.
Because of all of her children marrying into various royal houses across Europe, she was known as "The grandmother of Europe. She had 42 grandchildren living as far away as Prussia, Germany, Russia, Romania and Spain. However, one thing she did pass down in her bloodline was Hemophilia. One of her sons, Leopold, died of a cerebral hemmorage when he fell walking in the garden. Other sufferers include Tsarevitch Alexi, her great-grandson.
She also survived six attempts on her life, being shot at, hit with a cane, and others, when riding in an open carriage. After the death of her husband, she wore black (the deepest mourning) for 40 years, and slept next to an image of him at night. She even had clothes laid out for him every morning for the rest of her life.
She also had other passionate relationships, including with John Brown. So much so that at one point, people whispered about her being "Mrs. Brown". Behind her back, I'm assuming, and not to her face.